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1. Tan TC, Suresh KG, Thong KL, Smith HV. PCR fingerprinting of Blastocystis isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic human hosts. Parasitol Res. 2006 Apr 21; {Pubmed ID 16628457}

2. Tan TC, Suresh KG. Predominance of amoeboid forms of Blastocystis hominis in isolates from symptomatic patients. Parasitol Res. 2006 Feb;98(3):189-93. Epub 2005 Dec 2. {Pubmed ID 16323025}

3. Zierdt CH, Nagy B. Antibody response to Blastocystis hominis infections. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Jun 15;118(12):985-6. {Pubmed ID 8489119}

4. Mahmoud MS, Saleh WA. Secretory and humoral antibody responses to Blastocystis hominis in symptomatic and asymptomatic human infections. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology. 2003 Apr;33(1):13-30. {Pubmed ID: 12739797}   

5. Kaneda Y, Horiki N, Cheng X, Tachibana H, Tsutsumi Y. Serologic response to Blastocystis hominis infection in asymptomatic individuals. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 2000 Jun;25(2):51-6. {Pubmed ID: 11127507}

6. Lanuza MD, Carbajal JA, Villar J, Mir A, Borras R. Soluble-protein and antigenic heterogeneity in axenic Blastocystis hominis isolates: pathogenic implications. Parasitol Res. 1999 Feb;85(2):93-7. {Pubmed ID 9934956}

7. Noel C, Dufernez F, Gerbod D, Edgcomb VP, Delgado-Viscogliosi P, Ho LC, Singh M, Wintjens R, Sogin ML, Capron M, Pierce R, Zenner L, Viscogliosi E. Molecular Phylogenies of Blastocystis Isolates from Different Hosts: Implications for Genetic Diversity, Identification of Species, and Zoonosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2005 Jan;43(1):348-55. {Pubmed ID 15634993}  

7A. Stensvold CR, Suresh GK, Tan KS, Thompson RC, Traub RJ, Viscogliosi E, Yoshikawa H, Clark CG. Terminology for Blastocystis subtypes--a consensus. Trends Parasitol. 2007 Mar;23(3):93-6.

7B. Stensvold R, Brillowska-Dabrowska A, Nielsen HV, Arendrup MC. Detection of Blastocystis hominis in unpreserved stool specimens by using polymerase chain reaction. J Parasitol. 2006 Oct;92(5):1081-7.

8. Thathaisong U, Worapong J, Mungthin M, Tan-Ariya P, Viputtigul K, Sudatis A, Noonai A, Leelayoova S. Blastocystis isolates from a pig and a horse are closely related to Blastocystis hominis. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Mar;41(3):967-75. {Pubmed ID 12624017} 

9. Termmathurapoj S, Leelayoova S, Aimpun P, Thathaisong U, Nimmanon T, Taamasri P, Mungthin M. The Usefulness of Short-Term In-Vitro Cultivation for the Detection and Molecular Study of Blastocystis hominis in Stool Specimens. Parasitology Research. 2004 Aug;93(6):445-7. Epub 2004 Jul 9. {Pubmed ID 15243800}

10. Suresh K, Smith H. Comparison of Methods for Detecting Blastocystis minis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2004 Jun;23(6):509-11. Epub 2004 May 28. {Pubmed 15168139}   

11. Leelayoova S, Taamasri P, Rangsin R, Naaglor T, Thathaisong U, Mungthin M. In-vitro Cultivation: A Sensitive Method for Detecting Blastocystis hominis. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 Dec;96(8):803-7. {Pubmed 12625935}   

12. MacPherson DW, MacQueen WM.  Morphological diversity of Blastocystis hominis in sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin-preserved stool samples stained with iron hematoxylin. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Jan;32(1):267-8. {Pubmed ID 7510311} 

13.  Long HY, Handschack A, Konig W, Ambrosch A.  Blastocystis hominis modulates immune responses and cytokine release in colonic epithelial cells. Parasitol Res. 2001 Dec;87(12):1029-30. {Pubmed 11763434} 

14. McGowan K, Guerina V, Wicks J, Donowitz M. Secretory hormones of Entamoeba histolytica. Ciba Found Symp. 1985;112:139-54. {Pubmed ID 2861068}    Work also appeared in Science magazine 8/19/83. 

15. Banu, Naheed et al. Neurohumoral Alterations and their role in Amoebiasis. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 2005. 20 (2) 142-145.

16. Moghaddam DD, Ghadirian E, Azami M. Blastocystis hominis and the evaluation of efficacy of metronidazole and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Parasitology Res. 2005 Jun;96(4):273-5. Epub 2005 May 25. {Pubmed ID 15915364}  

17. Puthia MK, Vaithilingam A, Lu J, Tan KS.  Degradation of human secretory immunoglobulin A by Blastocystis. Parasitol Res. 2005 Nov;97(5):386-9. Epub 2005 Sep 7. {Pubmed ID 16151742} 

18. Sio SW, Puthia MK, Lee AS, Lu J, Tan KS. Protease activity of Blastocystis hominis. Parasitol Res. 2006 Jul;99(2):126-30. Epub 2006 Mar 4. {Pubmed ID 16518611}  

19. Zierdt CH, Tan HK..  Ultrastructure and light microscope appearance of Blastocystis hominis in a patient with enteric disease.  Z Parasitenkd. 1976 Oct 12;50(3):277-83. 

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21. Nimri L, Batchoun R..  Intestinal colonization of symptomatic and asymptomatic schoolchildren with Blastocystis hominis. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Nov;32(11):2865-6.{Pubmed ID 7852590} 

22. El-Shazly AM, Abdel-Magied AA, El-Beshbishi SN, El-Nahas HA, Fouad MA, Monib MS.  Blastocystis hominis among symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in Talkha Center, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.  J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2005 Aug;35(2):653-66.  {Pubmed ID 16083074} 

23. Kruger K, Kamilli I, Schattenkirchner M.  Blastocystis hominis as a rare arthritogenic pathogen. A case report.  Z Rheumatol. 1994 Mar-Apr;53(2):83-5.  {Pubmed ID 8023590} 

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25. Pasqui AL, Savini E, Saletti M, Guzzo C, Puccetti L, Auteri A..  Chronic urticaria and blastocystis hominis infection: a case report.  Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2004 May-Jun;8(3):117-20.  {Pubmed ID 15368795}

26. Armentia A, Mendez J, Gomez A, Sanchis E, Fernandez A, de la Fuente R, Sanchez P. Urticaria by Blastocystis hominis. Successful treatment with paromomycin {paromycin}.  Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 1993 Jul-Aug;21(4):149-51.  {Pubmed ID 8237719}

27.   Tan KS.  Blastocystis in humans and animals: new insights using modern methodologies. Vet Parasitol. 2004 Dec 9;126(1-2):121-44. Review. {Pubmed ID 15567582}

30. Nigro L, Larocca L, Massarelli L, Patamia I, Minniti S, Palermo F, Cacopardo B. A placebo-controlled treatment trial of Blastocystis hominis infection with metronidazole. J Travel Med. 2003 Mar-Apr;10(2):128-30.  {Pubmed ID 12650658}

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36. Andiran N, Acikgoz ZC, Turkay S, Andiran F.  Blastocystis hominis--an emerging and imitating cause of acute abdomen in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2006 Aug;41(8):1489-91. {Pubmed ID 16863863}

37. Personal communication, Dr. Terrance Hill, Oregon Board Certified Gastroenterologist, March 2006

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39. Cheng HS, Guo YL, Shin JW.  Hematological effects of Blastocystis hominis infection in male foreign workers in Taiwan. Parasitol Res. 2003 May;90(1):48-51. Epub 2003 Jan 30. {Pubmed ID 12743803}

40. Kilic E, Yazar S, Saraymen R.  Serum zinc and magnesium levels in patients with blastocystosis Biol Trace Elem Res. 2004 Apr;98(1):21-6. {Pubmed ID 15051897}

41. Zuckerman MJ, Watts MT, Ho H, Meriano FV.  Blastocystis hominis infection and intestinal injury. Am J Med Sci. 1994 Aug;308(2):96-101. {Pubmed ID 8042662}

42. Markell EK, Udkow MP. Association of Blastocystis hominis with human disease?  J Clin Microbiol. 1990 May;28(5):1085-6. {Pubmed 2351728}

43. Cassano N, Scoppio BM, Loviglio MC, Vena GA.  Remission of delayed pressure urticaria after eradication of Blastocystis hominis.  Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85(4):357-8.  {Pubmed 16191864}

44.Biedermann T, Hartmann K, Sing A, Przybilla B.  Hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and chronic urticaria cured by treatment of Blastocystis hominis infection.  1: Br J Dermatol. 2002 Jun;146(6):1113-4. {Pubmed 12072100}

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This web site is for information only and is not meant to be used for self-diagnosis or as a substitute for consultation with a health care proider regarding Blastocystis hominis.  If you have any questions about the disease described above or think that you may have a parasitic infection, consult a health care provider.