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1. First study to genotype Blastocystis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome [1,5].
2. First study to genotype Blastocystis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [5].
3. First study to identify Blastocystis as an emerging infectious disease in the United States and this was correlated with a substantial rise in inflammatory bowel disease in the same period [2].
4. First study to note the combination of diagnostic failure and treatment failure in blastocystosis has produced the phenomenon of irritable bowel syndrome and 'Gulf War Illness' [3].
5. First study to identify protease-activated-2 receptor activation as the mechanism causing widespread pain in blastocystosis [2] and psychiatric symptoms [2].
6. First study to suggest the range of symptoms seen in blastocystosis is similar to that in ameobiasis and this has produced a spectrum disease currently diagnosed either as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome [2].
7. First study to identify host polymorphisms in TNF-alpha and IL-10 as contributing to severity of symptoms in both ameobiasis and blastocystosis [2,5].
8. First commercially available PCR test for Blastocystis.
9. First mass produced immuno-fluorescence stain for Blastocystis
10. First clinical study of Blastocystis in US citizens using advanced methods [1]. First clinical study of Blastocystis in US citizens in 21 century [1].
11. First study co-authored by a researcher studying undiagnosed illness in Gulf War Vets and a researcher studying similar illness in Middle East [1,2].
REFERENCES